Sound

=Sound: A type of energy= Sound Sound is very important for our life. It is the sound that helps us to communicate with each other. Production of sound – Sound is produced because of vibration of an object. In other words, a vibrating object produces sound. Example – Musical instruments produce different types of sound because of vibration. For example; a flute produce sound because of vibration in its air column, a guitar produces sound because of vibration of its string, a drum produces sound because of vibration of its diaphragm. media type="custom" key="25209540" Sound Produced by Human: A human being produces sound because of vibration of his voice box. The voice box is also known as larynx. Larynx is situated at the upper end of windpipe. There are two stretched membranes attached in larynx; with a narrow slit between them. When air passes through those stretched membranes they produce different types of sound with different combinations of stretching. Sound needs a medium to propagate: The traveling of sound is called propagation of sound. Sound cannot propagate in the absence of a medium. The place where there is no air or air is removed, is called vacuum. Sound does not propagate (travels) through vacuum. Sound travels through solid, liquid and gas. We usually hear sound which comes to us through air. Aquatic animals communicate as sound travels through water also. We hear the sound through ear The external ear works like a funnel. Due to its unique shape, sound waves are concentrated once they enter through the external ears. Then the sound waves reach the ear drum or tympanum. The tympanum is like a stretched membrane; which vibrates when sound waves strike it. From the ear drum, sound waves reach inner ear; through middle ear. From inner ear, sound waves are sent to the brain via auditory nerve. The brain interprets these signals and we hear the sound. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency of a Sound <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Sound travels in the form of wave. When a pebble is dropped in pond water, it produces ripples in water. The ripple is called wave. Sound travels producing similar waves. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Amplitude and frequency are two important characters of sound. Sounds produced by different object are differentiated by amplitude and frequency of sound. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">media type="custom" key="25209572" media type="custom" key="25209564"
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">When a table is beaten, it starts vibrating and produces sound.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">When a drum is beaten, it starts vibrating and produces sound.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">When a stretched rubber band is struck, it starts vibrating and produces sound.

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Hearing of sound by ear: Parts and Functions of the ear

The human ear is divided into five parts. These five parts of human ear, have specific functions that help in the process of hearing.

Parts of Human Ear
The parts of the human ear include: Outer ear is divided into the pinna and the external auditory meatus. The pinna, also known as the auricle is the external ear part that is located and seen on each side of our head. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. This helps in maintaining a particular ear shape and remains pliable. The pinna is like a funnel that collects the sound vibrations from around us and funnels them towards the external auditory meatus.
 * Outer Ear
 * Middle Ear
 * Inner Ear
 * Acoustic Nerve
 * Central Auditory Processing Centers

The external auditory meatus is also called the ear canal. The ear canal helps understand and determine the source and direction of the sound. It is only ¼ inch in diameter and extends from the pinna to the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane is commonly called the eardrum. Skin and hair cover the outer ear canal foundation and the cerumen gland or the wax gland is present in this area. The ear canal develops into a bony structure tightly covered by skin, near the eardrum.

Fact File: The eardrum is an extremely sensitive organ. It can detect the sounds with an intensity range of approximately 100,000,000 to 1. When the softest sound hits the eardrum, it moves about one-millionth of an inch and this vibration is transferred to the inner ear for further processing within the brain.

The middle ear is the structure that begins at the end of the tympanic membrane. There are three tiny bones known as the ossicles that make up the middle ear. These bones connect the eardrum to the inner ear. Sound waves funneled in through the pinna, hit the eardrum. This causes the eardrum to move back and forth, in other words, vibrate, causing the ossicles to move. This causes the sound waves to convert into mechanical vibration.

The three tiny bones forming the ossicles are malleus, incus and stapes. The malleus also known as the hammer is connected to the eardrum on one side and the incus, known as the anvil on the other side. The anvil is connected to the third bone stapes, also called the stirrup. The sound waves converted into mechanical energy are transferred through this ossicular chain. There is an in and out movement at the stirrup base known as the stapes footplate, that matches the incoming sound waves. The beginning of the inner ear is marked by the oval window that fits in the stapes footplate.

The middle ear is present in the mastoid section of the temporal bone. The temporal bone is the skull bone that is present on each side of the head that is filled with air. The Eustachian tube runs from the middle ear front wall to the back of the nose and nasopharynx, that is, throat. The function of the ear tube, that is the Eustachian tube is, to provide ventilation and access to the external air and balance the air pressure on the both sides of the eardrum.

Fact File: When there is a change in air pressure in our ears, we can chew, swallow and even yawn.

The inner ear houses the sensory organs that help in hearing and maintaining balance. The part of human ear involved in the function of hearing is the cochlea. Another major function of the human ear is to maintain balance of the body. The <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 6pt;">different parts of the human ear that help in balancing are the semicircular canals consisting of the utricle and the saccule present in the inner ear.

The bony structure that is shaped like a snail and filled with endolymph and perilymph fluid is called the cochlea. The sensory receptor called the Organ of Corti is present inside the cochlea. It has hair cells and nerve receptors, required for hearing.

The middle ear movement pushes the mechanical energy in the oval window inside the cochlea. The tiny hair cells are stimulated due to the force that moves the fluids inside the cochlea. Pitches or the specific sound frequencies stimulate specific individual hair cells in the inner ear. Thus, certain frequencies are responded by certain hair cells. The hair cells translate signals into nerve impulses. The cochlear portion of the VIII cranial nerve, the acoustic nerve, transmit the nerve impulses to the brain.

The acoustic nerve is the part of human ear that transmits impulses from the cochlea to the mid brain region, the cochlear nucleus, and further on to other pathways in the brain, that end in the auditory cortex of the brain. The nerve fibers of each ear are divided into two pathways from the cochlear nucleus. Of these two pathways, one ascends towards the auditory cortex in one hemisphere of the brain and the other crosses over and ascends to the other hemisphere of the brain. Thus, the function of the human ear nerve fibers pathway is to transmit data or information received from both ears to both the hemispheres of the brain.



The central auditory system function of human ear is to process auditory information carried to the brain. The central auditory system plays a role in the following functions of human ear: Functions of the Ear
 * The localization and lateralization of the sound
 * Differentiating between the different sounds
 * Temporal resolution, masking, integration and ordering
 * Reducing the auditory performance when there are competing acoustic signals
 * Reducing the auditory performance when there is a presence of degraded acoustic signal

We have understood the different parts of a human ear and got an overview of their functions. Now, let us have a look at the functions of the ear, in a little detail. Parts and Functions of the Ear Involved in Balancing The sense of equilibrium is controlled by the vestibular system. This system is present in the inner ear. The temporal bone space is shared between the vestibular and the cochlea. The fluids present in the cochlea are present in the vestibular. In order to maintain balance and equilibrium when standing, sitting, running, walking etc. in relation to gravity without falling over, is taken care by the vestibular system. Many other systems like vision, muscle response, help the vestibular system in performing its balancing function of human ear effectively.
 * The pinna and the ear canal deliver the sound waves to the middle ear. Foreign bodies like insects, dust, etc. are prevented from gaining entry into the ear due to the presence of wax and hair in this region. This helps in preventing many ear infections.
 * The eardrum vibrates according to the frequency and the amplitude of sounds that strike it.
 * The middle ear function of human ear is to transmit and amplify the sounds vibrated from the eardrum towards the oval window. It also acts as a dampener to loud sounds that may damage the cochlea.
 * The round window is a flexible membrane present at the opposite end of the fluid filled channels from the oval window. The round window function of human ear is to keep the cochlear fluids contained within the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. It also functions as a multiplier of the sound waves generated from the oval window membrane.
 * The malleus transmits sound vibrations from the eardrums to the incus.
 * The incus transmits the sound vibrations to the stapes.
 * The stapes transmit the vibrations to the membrane of the inner ear present inside the fenestra ovalis.
 * The semicircular canals function is to maintain the balance by responding to gravity and the acceleration changes of the head.
 * The mastoid bone acts as an amplifier of certain sounds that are in the low-frequency range.
 * The cochlea, the actual organ that helps in hearing functions as a sound wave interpreter and converter.

The utricle and the saccule of the semicircular canals lie in anatomically different planes. These planes lie at a right angle to each other. These planes each have a specific function that deals with movement, that is, up and down, side to side and tilting from one side to the other side. These canals contain sensory hair cells and are activated by the movement of the endolymph fluid. When the head tilts to one side, the sensory hair cells send a nerve impulse to the brain with the help of acoustic nerve. The fluid in the semicircular canal acts on calcium carbonate crystals (CaCO3). These crystals shift on their sensory hair beds at the base of the utriculus and the sacculus. These impulses are stimulated by the crystals present and are processed in the brain stem and the cerebellum area, in relation to the position of head with gravity.

Fact File: When the calcium carbonate crystals break off from their hair beds, they float within the vestibular labyrinth. These floating crystals cause serious balance and vertigo problems.

How the Human Ear Functions
We have seen the parts of human ear and the functions of the ear. But, if you want to understand how the human ear functions, the following diagram of the ear will prove to be useful. You can see in the diagram that the external ear captures the traveling sound waves. The sound waves enter through the pinna into the ear canal. Through the ear canal the sound waves reach the eardrum. These sound waves cause vibrations of the eardrum that are passed on to the middle ear. The three tiny bones in the middle ear pass the vibrations over to the inner ear. The stapes deliver the sound waves to the cochlea through the round window of the outer part of the inner ear, called the bony labyrinth. These vibrations cause the perilymph fluid present in the cochlea to vibrate. These vibrations are picked up by the sensory hair cells, that translate it into nerve impulses and deliver it to the auditory nerve present at the base of cochlea. The VIII cranial nerve carries the messages to the brain, where it is read and translated into meaningful sounds.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Special thanks to: http://www.excellup.com/ClassEight/scienceight/soundeight.aspx http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-parts-of-the-human-ear.html